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3Blue1Brown
My name is Grant Sanderson. Videos here cover a variety of topics in math, or adjacent fields like physics and CS, all with an emphasis on visualizing the co...
What's the perfect encoding? How do you know?
Full video: https://youtu.be/l6DKRf-fAAM
Reinventing Entropy | Compression is Intelligence Part 1
How to study the compressibility of language. Check out our virtual career fair: https://3b1b.co/talent See new projects before they go live: https://3b1b.co/support Animation credit: Manim scenes by Aaron Gostein and Grant Sanderson Shannon’s story, as well as those for various pi creatures, by Mitchell Zemil. Lunar robot and prediction/compression coin by Paul Dancstep NanoGPT animations by Clayton Rabideau The way of visualizing entropy shown here is something I first came across in this excellent post by Chris Olah: https://colah.github.io/posts/2015-09-Visual-Information/ Shannon’s “A Mathematical Theory of Communication” https://people.math.harvard.edu/~ctm/home/text/others/shannon/entropy/entropy.pdf Shannon’s “Prediction and Entropy of Printed English” https://www.princeton.edu/~wbialek/rome/refs/shannon_51.pdf Scientific American article that mentions the story with Von Neumann suggesting the name Entropy: https://www.esalq.usp.br/lepse/imgs/conteudo_thumb/Energy-and-Information.pdf Timestamps: 0:00 - On “Compression is intelligence.” 3:28 - The warmup example 10:46 - What perfect compression looks like 14:47 - Defining information 17:40 - Information of language 24:29 - Defining Entropy 31:14 - 3b1b Talent ------------------ These animations are largely made using a custom Python library, manim. See the FAQ comments here: https://3b1b.co/faq#manim Music by Vincent Rubinetti. https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. If you're reading the bottom of a video description, I'm guessing you're more interested than the average viewer in lessons here. It would mean a lot to me if you chose to stay up to date on new ones, either by subscribing here on YouTube or otherwise following on whichever platform below you check most regularly. Mailing list: https://3blue1brown.substack.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/3blue1brown.com Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com
Tie random ends: How many loops?
Recent puzzle solutions on Patreon: https://members.3blue1brown.com/posts/158885046?pr=true
Covering 10 points, a surprisingly tricky puzzle.
Made as part of a monthly series of puzzles for the 2026 Year of Math.
Escher's most mind-bending piece
On "The Print Gallery", by M.C. Escher Full video: https://youtu.be/ldxFjLJ3rVY
The subset sum puzzle
Part of a series of monthly puzzlers. Stay subscribed to see the solution
How (and why) to take a logarithm of an image
Escher's Print Gallery, and the tour of complex analysis it invites. Explore our virtual career fair: https://3b1b.co/talent Join channel supporters to see videos early: https://3b1b.co/support An equally valuable form of support is to share the videos. Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com Original paper by de Smit and Lenstra: https://pub.math.leidenuniv.nl/~smitbde/papers/2003-de_smit-lenstra-escher.pdf The book I was showing is "Magic of MC Escher" by J. L. Locher https://amzn.to/4d7zXTT If you want to play with this concept interactively, Jürgen Richter-Gebert put together a nice page: https://mathvisuals.org/PrintGallery/ This piece was co-written by Paul Dancstep, who handled many of the animations in the art section, including the delightful mesh warp scene. Aaron Gostein helped with the manim animations in the section introducing complex functions. Artwork provided by Talia Gershon, Mitchell Zemil, and Anna Fedczuk. https://sites.google.com/view/taliagershon https://mitchellzemil.com/ https://anna-fedczuk.framer.website/about Music by Vincent Rubinetti Timestamps: 0:00 - The print gallery 13:04 - Conformal maps from complex analysis 21:41 - The complex exponential 25:56 - The complex logarithm 32:32 - 3b1b Talent 33:14 - Constructing the key function 40:16 - The deeper math behind Escher ------------------ These animations are largely made using a custom Python library, manim. See the FAQ comments here: https://3b1b.co/faq#manim ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. If you're reading the bottom of a video description, I'm guessing you're more interested than the average viewer in lessons here. It would mean a lot to me if you chose to stay up to date on new ones, either by subscribing here on YouTube or otherwise following on whichever platform below you check most regularly. Mailing list: https://3blue1brown.substack.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/3blue1brown.com Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com
Bacteria Grid Puzzle Solution
Part of a monthly series of puzzlers, in collaboration with MoMath and Peter Winkler
The most beautiful formula not enough people understand
On the volumes of higher-dimensional spheres Explore the 3b1b virtual career fair: See https://3b1b.co/talent Become a supporter for early views of new videos: https://3b1b.co/support An equally valuable form of support is to simply share the videos. Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com Thanks to UC Santa Cruz for letting me film there, and special thanks to Pedro Morales-Almazan for arranging everything. My video on Numberphile with a fun application of this problem: https://youtu.be/6_yU9eJ0NxA Timestamps: 0:00 - Introduction 1:01 - Random puzzle 6:16 - Outside the box 14:35 - Setting up the volume grid 21:14 - Why 4πr^2 25:21 - Archimedes in higher dimensions 36:17 - The general formula 40:40 - 1/2 factorial 44:58 - Why 5D spheres are the biggest 50:16 - Concentration at the surface 54:27 - A unit-free interpretation 57:50 - 3b1b Talent 59:13 - Explaining the intro animation ------------------ These animations are largely made using a custom Python library, manim. See the FAQ comments here: https://3b1b.co/faq#manim Music by Vincent Rubinetti. https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. If you're reading the bottom of a video description, I'm guessing you're more interested than the average viewer in lessons here. It would mean a lot to me if you chose to stay up to date on new ones, either by subscribing here on YouTube or otherwise following on whichever platform below you check most regularly. Mailing list: https://3blue1brown.substack.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/3blue1brown.com Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com
The lattice bacteria puzzle
Part of a series of monthly puzzles, done in collaboration with MoMath. https://momath.org/mindbenders
The Hairy Ball Theorem
Unexpected applications and a beautiful proof. Looking for a new career? Check out https://3b1b.co/talent Supporters get early access to new videos: https://3b1b.co/support An equally valuable form of support is to simply share the videos. Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com Credits: Senia Sheydvasser: Co-writing and sphere deformation animations, made in Blender Paul Dancstep: Those lovely fluffy sphere animations, made in Cinema4D Vince Rubinetti: Music Sphere Eversion clip by Carsten Steger https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thurston_Sphere_Eversion.webm Timestamps: 0:00 - To comb a hairy ball 1:24 - Applications 8:46 - The puzzle of one null point 12:12 - The proof outline 16:41 - Defining orientation 21:44 - Why inside-out is impossible 25:59 - 3b1b Talent 27:44 - Final food for thought ------------------ These animations are largely made using a custom Python library, manim. See the FAQ comments here: https://3b1b.co/faq#manim Music by Vincent Rubinetti. https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. If you're reading the bottom of a video description, I'm guessing you're more interested than the average viewer in lessons here. It would mean a lot to me if you chose to stay up to date on new ones, either by subscribing here on YouTube or otherwise following on whichever platform below you check most regularly. Mailing list: https://3blue1brown.substack.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/3blue1brown.com Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com
The ladybug clock puzzle
This is the first in a set of monthly puzzles, curated by Peter Winkler. This one was originally suggested by Richard Stanley. You can sign up to hear his description of the answer at http://momath.org/mindbenders
Why Laplace transforms are so useful
Studying the forced harmonic oscillator by taking a Laplace transform and studying its poles. Instead of sponsored ad reads, these lessons are funded directly by viewers: https://3b1b.co/support An equally valuable form of support is to simply share the videos. Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com Chapter on the Laplace Transform: https://youtu.be/j0wJBEZdwLs Chapter on the S-plane and Simple Harmonic Motion: https://youtu.be/-j8PzkZ70Lg Timestamps: 0:00 - Opening puzzle 1:06 - Key properties of a Laplace Transform 3:29 - Qualitative analysis with Laplace Transforms 4:29 - The Laplace Transforms of a Derivative 6:06 - The forced oscillator 11:59 - Intuition from the transformed solution 15:15 - Inverting to find a final answer 17:40 - Explaining the derivative property ------------------ These animations are largely made using a custom Python library, manim. See the FAQ comments here: https://3b1b.co/faq#manim Music by Vincent Rubinetti. https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. If you're reading the bottom of a video description, I'm guessing you're more interested than the average viewer in lessons here. It would mean a lot to me if you chose to stay up to date on new ones, either by subscribing here on YouTube or otherwise following on whichever platform below you check most regularly. Mailing list: https://3blue1brown.substack.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/3blue1brown.com Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com
The dynamics of e^(πi)
A fuller version of this explanation, also including the reason we care about complex exponents in the first place: https://youtu.be/-j8PzkZ70Lg
But what is a Laplace Transform?
Visualizing the most important tool for differential equations. Previous chapter: https://youtu.be/-j8PzkZ70Lg Instead of sponsored ad reads, these lessons are funded directly by viewers: https://3b1b.co/support An equally valuable form of support is to simply share the videos. Home page: https://www.3blue1brown.com Pi creature car artwork by Kurt Bruns Engine animation borrowed with permission from this (excellent) blog: https://ciechanow.ski/internal-combustion-engine/ Timestamps: 0:00 - Understanding the engine 1:16 - Key background ideas 5:41 - Definition and intuition 10:43 - Complex integration 20:43 - Analytic continuation 23:52 - The transform of exponentials 26:15 - A deep look at cos(t) 32:59 - What’s coming next ------------------ These animations are largely made using a custom Python library, manim. See the FAQ comments here: https://3b1b.co/faq#manim Music by Vincent Rubinetti. https://vincerubinetti.bandcamp.com/album/the-music-of-3blue1brown https://open.spotify.com/album/1dVyjwS8FBqXhRunaG5W5u ------------------ 3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. If you're reading the bottom of a video description, I'm guessing you're more interested than the average viewer in lessons here. It would mean a lot to me if you chose to stay up to date on new ones, either by subscribing here on YouTube or otherwise following on whichever platform below you check most regularly. Mailing list: https://3blue1brown.substack.com Twitter: https://twitter.com/3blue1brown Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/3blue1brown.com Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/3blue1brown Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3blue1brown Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3blue1brown Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com
